adding “proceeding from the Father and the Son” (Filioque) to the Nicene Creed, an addition never accepted by the East. The Western tradition thus confessed a dual procession, wherein the “Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son, yet not as from two origins, but as from one origin, not by two breathings but by a single breathing” (Council of Lyons II, SCD 460, p. 182). This became the chief theological cause of the major division in the history of the church of East and West. The